How did the social impacts led to nationalism?

On 23rd December, President Chiang Kai-Shek in Nanking issued an appeal to all Chinese nationalists in Malaya (especially members of the Kuo Min Tang) to rally behind the British in resisting the Japanese. The British initiated a belated rapprochement with their erstwhile local foe, the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). They reached an agreement 10 days later on the training of communist guerillas to fight behind enemy lines in the event of the Malayan Peninsula being overrun by the Japanese, a prospect which seemed imminent.

Cooperation was established between British leaders and nationalist groups. Sir Shenton Thomas, Governor of Singapore, even lifted the ban on the MCP, KMT and other Chinese associations. Cooperation between nationalist groups and British leaders gave the nationalist groups a chance to rise up as they were not suppressed.This allowed the nationalist groups to strengthen and expand their organization, leading to the development of a sense of unity among the people. This gave them the ability to develop nationalistic sentiments. 

The Japanese implemented a policy which favoured Malays over Chinese and Indians.- Japanese replaced the British civil servants. In the smaller Straits Settlements, where a larger number of non-Malays were employed in the British Civil Service, pre-war officials of all races continued to hold office in 1942-1943, but Malay officials increased rapidly. For example, in the Koa Kunrenjo (leadership training schools) that were established, 70% of trainees were Malays and were given high appointments. This caused people to resent Japanese rule because they felt disadvantaged. This resulted in a sense of disunity in the people.

Video on the Japanese Occupation in Singapore.

Widespread of looting and crime (lawlessness), led to "Sook Ching" (purification), to wipe out operations against "anti-Japanese elements", especially the Chinese. Kempetai troops moved further into the rural districts they indiscriminate and tended to regard all Chinese hostile, leading to massacres. 6000 to 40000 Chinese were killed during the Sook Ching process. The Chinese population were alienated from the Japanese administration. The army continued to treat the Chinese population with the greatest severity for war. The Sook Ching drove hundreds of Chinese youths and men into the jungles to join the communist-led resistance movement, MPAJA. MPAJA then gained control of Malaya, but they tortured Chinese who were suspected of being informants of the Japanese.

The Indians were treated better by the Japanese, as they needed the support of the Indians. Japanese authorities promised to free India from British. This formed the India Independence League and the India National Army. Japan tried to invade India in 1943 but they failed. The Indians also suffered. 250000 were forced to work in death railway, 10000 died. This led to the growing hatred towards the Japanese and distrust of Japanese

• -Many joined resistance group

Social impact of Japanese occupation.

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The British began rounding up leaders and members of the Malay pro-Japanese organization, Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM), after the British intelligence had uncovered secret links between KMM & Japanese military intelligence.

The Japanese 25th army was preoccupied with the tasks of purifying the population and establishing law and order. This led to the widespread of looting & crime. Japanese began to enforce order by executions - offenders were shot and beheaded on the spot, heads displayed on pikes at prominent places in the city, e.g. marketplaces. This served as a warning to the public. By 3rd March, a total of 70699 "anti-Japanese" Chinese had been detained.

British defence on the mainland were rapidly crumbling as states were overrun by Japanese troops. They found out that Malays were actively collaborating with the Japanese forces by acting as their guides and interpreters, which were mainly members of KMM worked for Fujiwara Kikan (Japanese military intelligence agency). This marked the beginning of British disenchantment with the Malays. The British then forced the Sultans to leave. British distrust of Malays persisted right through the war to the time of their reoccupation of Malaya.

The Japanese governed Malaya as a single integrated colony under the one supreme government headed by the Malayan Military Administration (MMA) in Singapore. This reduced the high and respected status of the Malay Sultans to that of minor officials. Sultans also lost part of their authority over matters concerning the Islamic religion until 1943-1944. These responsibilities had been left entirely in their hands during pre-war days. Stipends of the Sultans were also cut. On the other hand, the Sultans under the British rule then get to enjoy the prestige of being the heads of their states. This gave the Sultans a sense of authority.

However, the Japanese were pro-Malay, and discriminated other races. This was evident from the example of the rise in number of Malay officials. There were difference in treatments led the masses to feel at the losing end. Hence, they resented the Japanese rule, and wished to stand up and fight for independence. The Malayan Chinese collected large sums of money to help China against Japanese, and boycotted purchase of Japanese goods. With JO in February 1941, many Chinese activists joined underground anti-Japanese movement. Worst still, most officers from the Japanese troop that invaded Malaya were veterans of the Sino-Jap war. (Rape of Nanking). This led to aggressive Chinese resistance against Japanese in Singapore , and they wanted to stand up against Japanese to seek better lives. 

There were poor public health services during the Japanese rule. Hospitals were looted for medical supplies by Japanese army. Preventive measures against diseases neglected, causing a widespread in diseases as they were not controlled. JO brought serious effect on the health status of people in Malaya. For instance, malaria, beriberi and cholera spread widely throughout peninsular. There were limited food resource and lack of nutritious food, which worsened the health of people. This caused the death rates from malnutrition increased sharply. Japanese forces seized food supplies and medicines to be used by soldiers, medicines not sent to clinics. Doctors and nurses were sent to camp prisoners, and there was no one to tend to the sick. 

Economic impact of JO in Malaya.

Economic infrastructure was destroyed during World War 2 in Malaya. The Japanese, however, did not bother to restore the destruction done. The economic activities were thus disrupted. There were depletions in resources. For example, tin declined from 79000 tons in 1941 to 3000 tons in 1945. This caused Malaya to be unable to generate revenue as they did not have enough resources to do so.

Inflation also escalated during the Japanese Occupation. The Japanese printed as much money as they liked. Due to over-printing of money, the value of notes became very small and worthless. In many cases, trade was reduced to barter. This affected the livelihood of people as they were unable to earn a living to support their families, causing the standard of living in Malaya to decline, resulting in unhappiness.

The prices of essentials also increased several-fold. For instance, the price of 500g of rice soared to $120 from 1941 to 1945. Rice is also difficult to be imported from Burma and Thailand because Japan has imposed restrictions on international trade. This caused people to feel that the Japanese were responsible for the economic slump.

There were shortages basic essentials such as water, electricity, gas and food. Rubber trees were cut down to grow subsistence crops for the Japanese, mainly tapioca, millet and maize. This resulted in lower standards of living, and caused the people to be unhappy with Japanese rule.

Black markets began to rise during this period. Goods were sold at very high prices. However, the masses did not have money to purchase such goods. Corruption also increased.

The Chinese were allowed to carry on trade and business. They were forced to make a gift of $50million to Japan in 1942. 

                                               ("banana" note that the Japanese created)

WHAT ARE WE DOING?

TO DISCUSS ON THE IMPACTS OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION ON MALAYA, AND HOW WAS NATIONALISM IN MALAYA AFFECTED AS A RESULT OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION.

Effects on nationalism.

The Japanese Occupation also exacerbated the social divide due to difference in treatment between the races. There were increase in tension and friction between races during the war due to the envy of the other race. As such, Nationalism groups that emerged during the Japanese Occupation were racist and were not a “Malayan Nationalist” group. This served to hinder the growth of Malayan Nationalism as it fragmented the Nationalist groups and their ability to achieve their objectives and independence as each individual group seeked to protect its own economic interest.

This divide was existent since British colonial rule of “Divide and rule”, so it is continuity, and JO was not a turning point in this aspect.

In conclusion, the JO was not a turning point for the growth of Nationalism in Malaya because although there were impacts it brought about that aided Nationalism in the short term, it did not help in the long term. Economic ruin brought by the Japanese Occupation would discourage the British from allowing Malaya to gain independence after the Japanese surrendered as they would not be able to ensure their survival. The economy in Malaya did not improve under the Japanese rule. Furthermore, the Japanese Occupation made worse the elements that hindered the growth of Nationalism by causing even larger splits in Nationalist groups and in between races.

How did the Japanese Occupation in Southeast Asia shape the development of Southeast Asian nationalism?

Political impacts

• Hinder

Disunity

One of these policies was the divide-and-rule policy. The Japanese deliberately ill-treated the Chinese population and subjected the Malay and Indian population to much better treatment. The difference in treatment upset the Chinese and strained relations among the three ethnic groups significantly. Malayan nationalist movements were hence deprived of the unity needed to make progress. Thus, nationalist movements remained fragmented along racial lines as a result of Japanese rule.

Also, the Japanese authorities tried to collaborate with Malay nationalist leaders. The Japanese trusted them as they were believed to be anti-British. An example was that the leaders of Kesatuan Melayu Muda, who were arrested by the British, were released when the Japanese had control over Malaya. The pre-conceived beliefs of the Japanese led to further dissatisfaction of the other races as they were entirely neglected. They continued to suffer under the policies of the British, while the Malays were emancipated. This further strained relations among races.

The Japanese also used the Malays to hunt down anti-Japanese insurgents who were mainly Chinese. Due to the Sino-Japanese war which led to the suffering of many Chinese, Japan had always been a common enemy of the Chinese. Hence, they were all anti-Japanese. During the Japanese occupation, Malays were employed in the military and police force to hunt down such people. This thus led to racial friction and the worsening relations between the Chinese and Malays in Malaya as they were now enemies. The disunity amongst the races were intensified. The impact of the friction between the Chinese and Malays became even more obvious when the war ended. After Japan surrendered, the MPAJA took advantage of the anarchy and started to take revenge on the Malays that helped the Japanese even though they all belonged to the Malayan community. This conflict had caused negative racial sentiments between the Malay and Chinese and it was even harder for them to work together to work towards nationalism.

As mentioned above, Malayan nationalism was heavily hindered by disunity among races. Nationalist groups were distinctly differentiated by races because of their conflicts, and were hence unable to appeal to a large group of people. Thus, in spite of enthusiastic leaders eager to attain independence for the country, the lack of mass support hindered the development of Malayan nationalism as they was no force large enough to make an impact.

• Help

Resistance Movements

Before Malaya fell to Japan in 1942, animosity had already existed between the two parties because of the Second Sino-Japanese War. During the war,  Japan strategised to seize embargoed goods in Malaya and gain control of the resources. On December 18 1941, shortly before the fall of Singapore, the British and the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), formerly not on good terms, agreed to cooperate against the Japanese in Malaya.

The MCP established a strong politico-military resistance movement, the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA). The units of the army were trained and given weapons and ammunition by the British. They also had capable leaders.

At the end of the war, the MPAJA disbanded and weapons were supposed to be returned to the British. However, in reality, the weapons were hidden in the jungle and left unreturned. The presence of the arms prepared the nationalists for future communist revolts and eventually allowed the MCP to be a legal party. Arms and weapons gave the nationalist groups the ability to stand up to fight for nationalism and eventually achieve their aim of achieving independence. 

Thus, the Japanese Occupation of Malaya reminded the locals of the indignation they suffered during the Second Sino-Japanese War  and incited negative feelings among them. The nationalists, determined to never be manipulated by the Japanese again,   increased their political influence in Malaya. They attained arms which aided their nationalist movements greatly, because they signified a form of supremacy and were able to command mass fear/respect. Nationalist movements were hence able to proceed smoothly.

Development of Malay Nationalism

During the Japanese Occupation, the Malays were encouraged by the Japanese to act in government, mostly through holding administrative positions in the government. That was the first time the Malays were given power in their country. Naturally, they felt a sense of belonging to their country and realised that they were the rightful citizens and owners of Malaya. They became eager to protect their rights and govern their country themselves.

Thus, the Japanese Occupation fuelled nationalistic sentiments among the Malays and gave them experience and self-confidence, which eventually prepared them to stand up against British rule after the end of the war.

British prestige lowered

The victory of Japan against the British at the start of the war in Malaya caused the loss in British prestige. Japan was an Asian country and was perceived to be weaker than advanced western countries, especially a big colonial ruler like Britain. Britain also had a powerful military record and many thought they were undefeatable. However, as the British army was struggling to face the war in Europe, manpower resources were limited. This led to the whole of Malaya being taken by the Japanese in less than 2 months under British rule and this showed that the British were weak and unable to protect Malaya from harm. Hence, Malayans started to feel that the British were not capable of leading them anymore and questioned their rule.

Pre war, the Malayans were satisfied with the government. The government was stable and the Sultan had sovereignty. There was development and the elites were given chances to high positions. However, due to the failure of the British to protect them from the Japanese, the Malayans had increasing doubts about the abilities of the British which led to their want for independence and self rule. They wanted to govern and protect themselves and not rely on the British who were deemed  incapable of protecting Malaya. This increased nationalist sentiments as the Malayans were then disappointed and displeased with the British, unlike before World War II where they were satisfied with British colonial rule under the Residential system. Hence, this meant that there was increased support for nationalism and thus a rise in nationalism.

Lawlessness and Violence

The absence of law and order after Japan’s surrender created chaos in the Malayan states. There were no strict laws or regulations governing the people’s actions and people could almost do anything without being held accountable.  That presented itself as an opportune moment  for the nationalist groups to rise as no one could control or suppress them.

As a result of the lack of guidelines and proper systems to govern operations, the MCP gained widespread support and quickly grew in strength. The MPAJA later took control over Malaya and BMA restored law and order within the country (gain governing experience).

Thus, anarchy caused by the Japanese Occupation proved to be an opportunity for nationalist groups to exercise their power and gain the support needed. It created a power vacuum and nationalists could exploit the MCP/MPAJA. 

Interview with Mr Yahya bin Hussein.

What do you recall about the way the Japanese had treated the people of the different communities?


"I remember that the Japanese were very cruel and acted horribly vicious towards the Chinese. However, they were quite relax in their attitude towards the Malays and the Indians…. Of course, as long as we did not loot or go against their orders, we were quite free to carry out our lives as normal as it was possible during those tough times……."

How about the mosques? Did they disturb or destroy them?


"Oh, no! The Japanese were very respectful of the mosque. Nothing was done to disturb or prevent the Muslims from performing their prayers in the mosques."

Why do you think the Japanese was so kind to the Malays then?


"Well…… I think that the Chinese was targeted because they supported China…. which Japan had attacked…..For the Malays, I think that the Japanese had the perception that the Malays were a simple kind of people and thus see them as posing little threat to them."

What else can you remember?


"Nothing much really…… except that I remember being very happy when the British came back to Malaya……."

Video - Malayan emergency, 1948-1960.

A video on post-war Malaya.

Video - Independence of Malaya.

The 1948 Constitution of Malaya spearheaded advance into independence and self-rule.

The MCP - the Anti-Japanese Movement.

The Malayan Communist Party (MCP) managed to survive underground during the Japanese Occupation which it raised & directed the biggest resistance force in the country - the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), unlike the pro-Japanese Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM) which only lasted for 6 months before being liquidated by the Japanese.

• During the first year and a half of MPAJA's existence, the MPAJA fared badly, lacking food, capable leadership, sufficient training/experience in guerrilla warfare.
• Japanese terrorism stopped the people of all races to help the guerrillas. - limitations of the MPAJA.
• However, from mid-1943 to mid-1944, the MPAJA began to improve its organization, food supplies, communication systems, military training.
  - the size of the group increased by 4 times - more support from masses.
• From mid-1944 onwards, consolidation and growth and the establishment of close MPAJA-Allied cooperation.
  - Received great supplies of arms, medicines, money from headquarters of South East Asia Command (SEAC) - great support from other parties allowed more efficient expansion of MPAJA.